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Public administration in Israel
Public administration in Israel at the federal level is performed by 28 primary ministries.〔http://www.pmo.gov.il/ENGLISH/ISRAELGOV/Pages/default.aspx.〕 Ministries provide a range of services, including traditional public goods such as national defense, as well as functions unique to Israel, such as maintaining relations with the Jewish Diaspora. Historically, public expenditures have been concentrated in the defense, education, employment and healthcare sectors.〔Arian, Asher. “Politics in Israel: The Second Republic.” CQ Press. pp. 366-369. 2nd Edition. 2005.〕 Local governments share responsibility for secondary schools, local healthcare, waste management, road maintenance, parks and local emergency services.〔Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. “Government at a Glance 2011 Country Note: Israel.” http://www.oecd.org/israel/48215127.pdf. 2011.〕
Each ministry is led by a minister who is typically a member of the Prime Minister’s cabinet and a member of the Israeli parliament, the Knesset. The Office of the Prime Minister coordinates ministerial efforts and assists the Prime Minister in executing day-to-day activities.〔http://www.pmo.gov.il/English/Pages/Default.aspx.〕 The Government Secretariat in the Prime Minister’s office coordinates the rulemaking process. Because most of the Knesset’s top leaders are appointed as cabinet ministers and non-cabinet members have relatively limited staff and budgetary resources at their disposal, government ministries play a dominant role in both setting and executing the public policy agenda for the State of Israel.〔Arian, Asher. “Politics in Israel: The Second Republic.” CQ Press. p. 376. 2nd Edition. 2005.〕
Israel is one of the few developed countries without a robust institutional structure for regulatory management.〔 It has no formal central institution that advises, oversees, promotes or coordinates regulatory compliance and reform. This goes along with the lack of a comprehensive policy on regulatory management in Israel. The Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Finance play an important role in the law-making process by assessing regulations and laws presented by the government to the Knesset. The Attorney General reviews proposed laws for compliance with Basic Laws and constructs the legal foundation for many regulations. The Ministry of Finance drafts the central government’s budget.
== Characteristics ==
Four characteristics define public administration in Israel, according to Asher Arian, founder of the Israel Association for Political Science.〔 The first, referred to as the Middle Eastern style, emphasizes the tendency of bureaucratic officials to defer to authority and status, which has resulted in the government overextending its services at times and contributed to the nation’s budget deficit.〔Cohen, Tova. “Israel to Return to Annual Budgets after 2014.” Reuters. April 2013. http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/07/us-israel-budget-lapid-idUSBRE93602I20130407.〕 The second characteristic is a relic of British civil administration in Palestine from 1920 to 1948. The British style exhibits a no-nonsense approach to governance. Elements include top-down orders and strict hierarchies, which some have suggested leaves little room for compromise in negotiations. The third characteristic is a combination of liberal, entrepreneurialism that drove the founders of the state and insecurity from the experiences of the Holocaust. Finally, administrative decisions in Israel often reflect tensions between the older civil service employees, who lived through the height of Zionism, and the younger employees with university backgrounds.
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